Coach Neal addressed a similar question on another topic recently, you may find helpful:
Ultimately, running requires a different type of muscle contraction called an eccentric contraction that cycling does not use. Eccentric contractions are effectively lengthening movements of the muscle that cause tearing and damage to the muscles that result in soreness, typically peaking 24-48 hours after exercise. Strength training also includes eccentric muscle contractions when you lower a weight against gravity, which is why strength training and running (as well as downhill skiing among other movements) cause much more soreness than cycling does.
There’s something that is know as the “repeated bout effect” with eccentric muscle contractions that after you’ve done a movement that gets you sore, if you continue to repeat a similar stress on the same muscles the amount of damage and soreness will be significantly less than the initial stressor.
In a practice sense, the protective aspect of the repeated bout effect lasts about 1 up to 2 weeks. If you were to perform strength training consistently, you’ll have less exercise induced muscle soreness when you run. Also, if you run about once a week you’ll maintain a reasonable level of protection.
Personally, I run for a mile or two about once a week to be able to maintain a little bit of protection from the soreness and maintain some bone loading stress. Keep in mind, though, doing something different - like an uphill and downhill hike or go water skiing - there’s a slightly different type of stress and therefore you can still get sore from the new activity/exercise!